ANALYSIS
Embankments are artificial earthen walls constructed along both the banks of a river to keep settlements ‘protected’ from the rising river.
As news reports pour in, over 1.26 crore people in 20 districts of Bihar are affected by the floods. The surging floodwaters have already killed 253 people. In Assam, 33.45 lakh people across 25 districts are affected by the floods and the death toll has crossed 148. West Bengal is also facing floods affecting over 52 lakh people with 55 already dead.
These states of India are no strangers to floods. Since time immemorial, rivers from the Himalayas are carrying large volumes of water and spreading it far and wide in the floodplains of Assam, Bihar, West Bengal, etc. Along with the waters, these rivers carry large amounts of sediment that is deposited in the floodplains making them one of the most fertile lands in the country. This floodwater (July to September) and sediment deposition is the most natural and essential role of the Himalayan rivers, which sustains lives and livelihoods in the floodplains.
These basic facts about the Himalayan rivers and their ecosystems are least understood by the authorities, who, for the last several decades, are pushing ‘engineering solutions’ to the floods in floodplains. Recently, the government of Assam proposed construction of a 5,000 km embankment-cum-expressway (costing Rs 40,000 crore) along the Brahmaputra’s course. The proposal has already been forwarded to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who has also announced a corpus fund of Rs 100 crore to find a “permanent solution to floods in Assam”.
However, before moving any further, it is imperative to conduct a comprehensive socio-economic-health impact assessment of the heavily embanked rivers of Bihar. Bihar is India’s most flood-prone state. Of the state’s total geographical area, 73 per cent, primarily in North Bihar, is flood-prone. At the national level, 17.2 per cent of the flood-prone area of the entire country is in Bihar. The state has embanked a majority of its perennial rivers and boasts of 3,629 km long embankments.
Embankments are artificial earthen walls constructed along both the banks of a river to keep settlements ‘protected’ from the rising river. In the mid-1950s, the Indian government decided to build embankments to control floods in North Bihar. In 1954, Bihar had 160 km long embankments with a flood-prone area of 2.5 million hectares (mha). In 1987, the state had completed 3,321 km of embankments, but the flood-prone area increased to 6.461 mha. As per the latest figure, Bihar now has 3,629 km long embankments with a flood-prone area of 6.88 mha.
Embankments divide people into haves (living outside the embankment) and have-nots (caught between the river and the embankment) and provide a false sense of security. Between 1987 and 2011, embankments were breached more than 371 times inundating large parts of Bihar. This year also several embankments have been breached in the state causing massive floods. Worse, millions of people still live inside the embankments (over 1.2 million inside Kosi’s embankments alone) with water levels up to seven feet.
Dinesh K Mishra, an expert on Bihar floods, claims that local communities are living in the floodplains for the past many centuries and have their own systems, based on traditional wisdom and experiences, that help them live with the floods. Building resilience of these communities can help minimise damage due to floods.
Firstly, we need better designed elevated flood-resistant houses for communities living in flood-prone areas. Local people can be trained to construct such houses that will also provide livelihood.
Rabi (winter) used to be the main crop of farmers in the flood plains of Bihar. However, post the construction of embankments, the government has been pushing kharif (monsoon) crops, which are regularly lost due to the floods. There is a need to lay additional stress on rabi crops and garma dhan (a type of paddy grown in Bihar) sown in November and harvested in the summer.
Megh Pyne Abhiyan (MPA), a non-profit working in flood-prone districts of North Bihar, is training local communities to build Jal Kothis using bamboo, sand, cement, etc. These structures cost a mere Rs 868 per unit, and harvest rainwater and provide safe drinking water during the floods. MPA has also constructed unique Phaydemand Shauchalayas (ecosan toilets) in flood-prone areas of North Bihar, which are accessible even during the floods.
These local innovations are community-driven and help build resilience in people living in flood-prone areas. We need more such innovations, which are the only long-term solution to the riverine floods.
Nidhi Jamwal is an independent environment journalist based in Mumbai. Views expressed are personal.
Ignored for Australia Tests, India star slams sensational Ranji Trophy double ton
Interviewer asks Aishwarya Rai ‘how do you look so fab’, she says…
How Biden’s Lame-Duck Period Could Influence Policy Decisions After Choosing Not to Run in 2024
'New chapter for me': Virat Kohli's latest social media post shocks internet
Mukesh Ambani, India's richest man, donated over Rs 400 crore in one year, Gautam Adani gave Rs...
Delhi: Air pollution in national capital spike during Chhath Puja, AQI reaches 'severe' level
AUS vs PAK Live Streaming: When and where to watch Australia vs Pakistan 2nd ODI live in India?
'I gain weight as body...' Arjun Kapoor reveals being diagnosed with Hashimoto’s disease
Stark Visas: The Best Immigration Consultant in Delhi Sets Immigration Dreams High in Ahmedabad
KREEVA targets top 1% elite for its ultra-luxury homes in Delhi-NCR’s prime locations
Tata Group acquires another company for over Rs 18 crore days after Noel Tata joins board
WPL 2025 Retentions: Full list of players retained and released by all 5 franchises
ED raids main vendors of Amazon, Flipkart across multiple cities, including Delhi, Mumbai due to...
Anil Ambani suffers major setback, his company banned for 3 years due to...
Meet woman, a cuddler, professional hugger, earns Rs 7400 in 1 hour, she is...
Meet teen who started working from garage, now set to make Rs 25 crore at just 16 from...
Viral video: Slum children recreate Sabyasachi bridal wear, designer reacts; WATCH
Missing Home on Chhath Puja: Yearning and significance behind Bihar’s holy festival
Chhath Puja 2024 Day 4: Usha Arghya date, timings of sunrise, puja rituals, significance and more
Ricky Ponting wants Babar Azam to follow Virat Kohli's footsteps for THIS reason
Elon Musk's net worth surges by Rs 2193295096200 in a day after...
Meet India's richest female YouTuber, left teaching job, has Rs 43 crore net worth, now works as...
This fruit is called non-vegetarian, it is...
Meet man who was India's biggest con artist, he sold Taj Mahal, Rashtrapati Bhawan, Red Fort...
Nita Ambani reveals husband Mukesh Ambani follows a strict diet, here's what he eats
'Tu jhuti woh makkar': Influencer accuses 10-year-old of groping her; narrates ordeal in viral video
Richa Chadha, Ali Fazal name their daughter, Zuneyra Ida Fazal; it means...
After returning as President, what will happen to cases against Donald Trump? Know here
25-year-old turns temple thief, steals ornaments worth Rs 78 lakh for...
Why Mahindra XUV700 is perfect for road trips and off-road adventures
Mahindra Scorpio N: A legacy of toughness with a modern twist
'Capable of loving more women': Kamal Haasan's bold take on marriage and relationships goes viral
How reaction time and speed tests can give gamers a competitive edge
This is world’s most polluted city with AQI of 1165, it’s just 409 kms away from Delhi
Blow to Gautam Adani as his company's shares fell 7% due to...
Pune Porsche crash: Father of teen driver's friend surrenders before court
Geographic and political nature of drug trafficking sea routes to India
Delhi AQI Update: Air quality turns 'severe', AQI reaches...
Mukesh Ambani's SUPERHIT new plan for Jio users, offers 100 GB of free cloud storage for just Rs...
Delhi-Mumbai expressway to slash travel time to 25 minutes: Key stretch to open on...
'Modi govt is committed to building terror-free India': Union Minister Amit Shah
Chhath Puja 2024: What is the importance of bamboo basket in Chhath Puja?
SC to deliver verdict today on plea against NCLAT order transferring Jet Airways to winning bidder
Is it time for Virat Kohli, Rohit Sharma to step down from playing Test cricket?
Chhath Puja 2024: Are banks open or closed today? Check state-wise list here
DNA TV Show: How did Donald Trump win US elections despite his several controversies?