How bats avoid collisions

A study led by Brown University researchers has discovered how bats avoid collisions.
               
For the study, James Simmons, a professor of neuroscience at Brown University, and his colleagues at Brown and in Japan, conducted a series of innovative experiments designed to mimic a thick forest.

Their research has appeared in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences early edition.

According to the researchers, echolocating bats minimize sound wave interference by tweaking the frequencies of the sounds they emit - their broadcasts - to detect and maneuver around obstacles.

They also found that bats make mental templates of each broadcast and the echo it creates, to differentiate one broadcast/echo set from another.

The research may lead to the design of better sonar and radar systems by capitalizing on the bats' natural ability to ferret out duplicative echoes in environments that otherwise could produce "phantom" objects.
               
The scientists created a 13-row long by 11-row wide U-shaped grid of ceiling-to-floor chain links to test big brown bats' ability to locate obstacles at various distances in their flight path and to make nearly instantaneous adjustments.

They used a miniature radio microphone created by their Japanese colleagues and attached it to the bats' heads to record their sounds (which are made in pairs).

Other microphones placed in the room recorded the echoes produced from the bats' broadcasts, giving the researchers a comprehensive, accurate recording of the bats' echo-processing methods.

 The scientists also filmed the bats with high-resolution video cameras.

The team noticed almost immediately that the bats were confronted with overlapping echoes to their rapid firing of broadcasts. That could create confusion where obstacles were located and even produce objects that weren't really there.

Mary Bates, a fourth-year graduate student at Brown and a contributing author on the paper, said: "When there are a lot of obstacles in the environment, a bat needs to emit sounds quickly.

"It can't wait for another sound to return before updating its image" (of the scene in which it's flying).

An echo from the bat's first broadcast could masquerade as the echo from a subsequent broadcast.

The bat overcomes this potentially confusing cascade of signals by making a template, or mental fingerprint, of each broadcast and corresponding echo, the team learned. That way, the bat needs only to slightly alter the frequency of its broadcast to create a broadcast/echo template that doesn't match the original.

The team found that bats change the frequency of their broadcasts by no more than 6 kilohertz. That's a good thing, as bats' frequency range covers only roughly 20 to 100 kilohertz.

Simmons said: "They've evolved this, so they can fly in clutter.

"Otherwise, they'd bump into trees and branches."