Brexit: Britain votes to leave EU, unleashing global turmoil

Britain has voted to leave the European Union (EU), results from Thursday's referendum showed, a stunning repudiation of the nation's elites that deals the biggest blow to the European project of greater unity since World War Two.

World financial markets plunged as complete results showed a near 52-48% split for leaving. The vote created the biggest global financial shock since the 2008 economic crisis, this time with interest rates around the world already at or near zero, stripping policymakers of the means to fight it.

The pound suffered its biggest one-day fall in history, plunging more than 10% against the dollar to hit levels last seen in 1985. The chief ratings officer for Standard & Poor's told the Financial Times Britain's AAA credit rating was no longer tenable.

Futures trading predicted massive opening losses on share markets across Europe. Britain's FTSE futures and Germany's Dax futures fell about 9%. The euro zone's Euro Stoxx 50 futures sank more than 11 %. The vote will initiate at least two years of divorce proceedings with the EU and cast doubt on London's future as a global financial capital.

The future of Prime Minister David Cameron - who gambled the fate of the nation on an outcome he predicted would be catastrophic - was doubtful at best. Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond said Cameron would stay on, however: "What the country needs now is a sense of continuity and stability."

The euro slumped more than 3 % against the dollar on concerns a Brexit vote will do wider economic and political damage to the world's biggest trade bloc, stripped of its second largest economy. Investors poured into safe-haven assets including gold, and the yen surged. "We're in uncharted territory," an aide working in Cameron's office told reporters.

The Bank of England said it would take all necessary steps to secure monetary and financial stability. Global policymakers also prepared for action to stabilise markets, with Japanese Finance Minister Taro Aso promising to "respond as needed" in the currency market.

Yet there was euphoria among Britain's eurosceptic forces, claiming a victory they styled as a protest against the political establishment, big business and foreign leaders including US President Barack Obama who had urged Britain to stay in.

"Dare to dream that the dawn is breaking on an independent United Kingdom," said Nigel Farage, leader of the eurosceptic UK Independence Party. "This will be a victory for real people, a victory for ordinary people, a victory for decent people ... Let June 23 go down in our history as our independence day."

Asked if Cameron, who called the referendum in 2013 and campaigned to stay in the bloc, should resign if Britain voted for Brexit, Farage said: "Immediately." The United Kingdom itself now faces a threat to its survival, as Scotland voted 62 % in favour of staying in the EU and is likely to press for a new referendum on whether to become independent after its 2014 vote to stay in the UK.

Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon said Thursday's vote "makes clear that the people of Scotland see their future as part of the European Union." Northern Ireland's largest Irish nationalist party, Sinn Fein, said the result intensified the case for a vote on whether to quit the United Kingdom.

European politicians reacted with shock. "Please tell me I'm still sleeping and this is all just a bad nightmare!" former Finnish Prime Minister Alexander Stubb tweeted.

The world's biggest trading bloc could even face an existential crisis as surging populist and anti-immigrant movements across the continent issue their own calls to quit. Far-right leaders in France and the Netherlands immediately demanded referendums of their own.

French National Front leader Marine Le Pen declared "Victory for freedom!". Dutch far right leader Geert Wilders said: "We want be in charge of our own country, our own money, our own borders, and our own immigration policy."

Jenny Watson, Chairperson of the United Kingdom Electoral Commission announces the overall outcome of the EU referendum at the Manchester Town Hall in Manchester, northern England on June 24, 2016. Credit: AFP

ANTI-ESTABLISHMENT

Quitting the EU could cost Britain access to the EU's trade barrier-free single market and mean it must seek new trade accords with countries around the world. President Barack Obama says it would be at the "back of a queue" for a US pact. The

The EU for its part must absorb the blow at a time when it is struggling to climb out of financial crisis, deal with unprecedented migration and respond to a resurgent Russia. It faces the loss not only of its most free-market proponent but also a UN Security Council veto and one of its most powerful armies. In one go, the bloc will lose around a sixth of its total economic output.

Cameron is expected to formally report the result to his European counterparts within days. The British leader called the referendum in 2013 in a bid to head off pressure from domestic eurosceptics, above all within his own party. Initially billed as an easy ride, the vote will now be his likely political epitaph. Party rival Boris Johnson, the former London mayor who became the most recognisable face of the "leave" camp, is now widely tipped to seek his job.

In the end, the pro-EU camp was powerless to stop a tide of anti-establishment feeling and disenchantment with a Europe that many Britons see as remote, bureaucratic and mired in permanent crises. Britain, which joined the then European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973, has always been an ambivalent member.

A  firm supporter of free trade, tearing down internal economic barriers and expanding the EU to take in ex-communist eastern states, it opted out of joining the euro single currency or the Schengen border-free zone. Cameron's ruling Conservatives in particular, have risked being torn apart by euroscepticism for generations.

World leaders including Barack Obama, Chinese President Xi Jinping, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, NATO and Commonwealth governments had all urged a "Remain" vote, saying Britain would be stronger and more influential in the EU than outside.

The four-month campaign was among the divisive ever waged in Britain, with accusations of lying and scare-mongering on both sides and rows on immigration which critics said at times unleashed overt racism. A pro-EU member of parliament was stabbed and shot to death in the street a week ago by an attacker who later told a court his name was "Death to traitors, freedom for Britain".

The campaign also revealed deeper splits in British society, with the pro-Brexit side drawing support from millions of voters who felt left behind by globalisation and believed they saw no benefits from Britain's ethnic diversity and free-market economy.

Older voters backed Brexit; the young mainly wanted to stay in. "People are concerned about how they have been treated with austerity and how their wages have been frozen for about seven years," said John McDonnell, finance spokesman for the opposition Labour Party, which had favoured a Remain vote.

"A lot of people's grievances have come out and we have got to start listening to them."

Leave supporters cheer results at a Leave.eu party after polling stations closed in the Referendum on the European Union in London, Britain, June 23, 2016. Credit: Reuters
 

REACTION

EU affairs ministers and ambassadors from member states gather in Luxembourg by 10 a.m. (0800 GMT) for previously-scheduled talks that will provide the first chance for many to react. A regular EU summit has been pushed back to next Tuesday and Wednesday, when Cameron may trigger Article 50 of the EU's treaty, the legal basis for a country to leave, setting in motion two years of divorce negotiations.

Even less clear at this stage is what sort of relationship Britain will seek to negotiate with the EU once it has left.

To retain access to the single market, vital for its giant financial services sector, London would have to adopt all EU regulation without having a say in its shaping, and pay a substantial contribution to Brussels coffers for market access, as Norway and Switzerland do.

EU officials have said UK-based banks and financial firms would lose automatic "passport" access to sell services across Europe if Britain ceased to apply the EU principles of free movement of goods, capital, services and people.

Aside from trade, huge questions now face the millions of British expatriates who live freely elsewhere in the bloc and enjoy equal access to health and other benefits, as well as millions of EU citizens who live and work in Britain.

Live Updates: Britain votes to leave EU in historic divorce; Nigel Farage calls for 'Brexit government' in UK